Some math jokes (which turn out to be correct)

Prove that \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x^{\pi}+1)}\text{d}x=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x^{e}+1)}\text{d}x
Prove that \int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{1}{1+\tan^{\pi}(x)}\text{d}x=\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{1}{1+\tan^{e}(x)}\text{d}x

\textbf{Proof.} Both of the integrals are being solved, when the peculiar powers are being replaced by a parameter "a" and then differentiation with respect to "a"  is performed. Actually the integrals are related vie the change of variables x\to\arctan(x).
For the first integral, denote
f(x,a)= \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x^{a}+1)}.
Then \frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)=\frac{x^a \log (x)}{\left(x^a+1\right) \left(x^a+1\right)^2}
Consider the integral
\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)\text{d}x. Making the change x\to 1/x this transforms to the integral
\int_{\infty}^{1}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f\left(\frac{1}{x},a\right)\frac{-1}{x^2}\text{d}x=\int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f\left(\frac{1}{x},a\right)\frac{1}{x^2}\text{d}x
Now it remains to observe that
\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f\left(\frac{1}{x},a\right)\frac{1}{x^2}=-\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)
so that
\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)\text{d}x=-\int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)\text{d}x
and hence
\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\partial }{\partial a}f(x,a)\text{d}x=0.
Thus  \int_{0}^{\infty}f(x,a)\text{d}x
is a constant independent of a, which proves the equality. Plugging a=0 we see moreover that the value of the integrals is \displaystyle \frac{\pi}{4}.

\textbf{Addendum}. Another solution proceeds as directly making the change of variable x\to 1/x. Thus

\int_0^\infty\frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x^{a}+1)}\text{d}x=\int_0^\infty\frac{x^a}{(x^2+1)(x^{a}+1)}\text{d}x.
Summing both integrals yields the solution.

The second problem could be done in a similar manner.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Basel problem type sum, proposed by prof. Skordev

Modification on a sequence from VJIMC

A problem proposed by prof. Babev