Absolutely convergent series over all functionals
Let $X$ be a normed vector space. Let $(x_n)_{n\ge 1}$ be a sequence in $X$, such that for any $f\in X^*$
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(x_n)|<\infty.$$
Then there exists a constant $C$ such that
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(x_n)|\le C\|f\|, \ \forall f\in X^*$$.
$\textbf{Proof}.$ Consider the operator $T:X^*\to l_1$, defined by
$$T(f)=(f(x_1),f(x_2),\ldots).$$
Clearly $T$ is well-defined linear operator. Moreover $T$ is bounded. We shall check that using the Closed-graph theorem ($X^*$ is Banach, even if $X$ is not). For this purpose take a sequence $(f_k)_{k\ge 1}\subset X^*$ converging to some $f$, and let $Tf_n\rightarrow p$ for some $p\in l_1$. Our aim is to show that $Tf=p$.
Since $Tf_k\rightarrow p$ (in $l_1$), we have that
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f_k(x_n)-p_n|\rightarrow 0$$
as $k$ goes to $\infty$.
This means that for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$ we have
$$\lim_{k\to\infty}f_k(x_n)=p_n.$$
On the other hand, as $f_k\rightarrow f$, we have that
$$\lim_{k\to\infty}f_k(x_n)=f(x_n).$$
This means that $f(x_n)=p_n$, which implies that $Tf=p$, which is what we needed.
Now, the boundedness of $T$ implies that there is a constant $C$ such that
$$\|Tf\|_{l_1}\le C\|f\|$$
which was to be proved.
$\textbf{Comment}.$ We are tempted to say that the series
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x_n$$
are absolutely convergent, and afterwards, that there is some $x\in X$ which equals this sum (in which case the problem's constraint will be fulfilled). This however, needs not to be true (and the obstacle is not only that $X$ is not required to be Banach space).
Here is a (counter)example. Let $X=c_0$ and $x_n=e_n$ - the basis unit vectors. Then $(c_0)^*=l_1$ and for any $f\in l_1$ we have
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(e_n)|=\|f\|_{l_1}$$
so that the problem's constraint is satisfied. However, the series
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e_n$$
are not convergent.
Nevertheless, the problem's conclusion is correct, and the constant is $1$.
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(x_n)|<\infty.$$
Then there exists a constant $C$ such that
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(x_n)|\le C\|f\|, \ \forall f\in X^*$$.
$\textbf{Proof}.$ Consider the operator $T:X^*\to l_1$, defined by
$$T(f)=(f(x_1),f(x_2),\ldots).$$
Clearly $T$ is well-defined linear operator. Moreover $T$ is bounded. We shall check that using the Closed-graph theorem ($X^*$ is Banach, even if $X$ is not). For this purpose take a sequence $(f_k)_{k\ge 1}\subset X^*$ converging to some $f$, and let $Tf_n\rightarrow p$ for some $p\in l_1$. Our aim is to show that $Tf=p$.
Since $Tf_k\rightarrow p$ (in $l_1$), we have that
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f_k(x_n)-p_n|\rightarrow 0$$
as $k$ goes to $\infty$.
This means that for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$ we have
$$\lim_{k\to\infty}f_k(x_n)=p_n.$$
On the other hand, as $f_k\rightarrow f$, we have that
$$\lim_{k\to\infty}f_k(x_n)=f(x_n).$$
This means that $f(x_n)=p_n$, which implies that $Tf=p$, which is what we needed.
Now, the boundedness of $T$ implies that there is a constant $C$ such that
$$\|Tf\|_{l_1}\le C\|f\|$$
which was to be proved.
$\textbf{Comment}.$ We are tempted to say that the series
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x_n$$
are absolutely convergent, and afterwards, that there is some $x\in X$ which equals this sum (in which case the problem's constraint will be fulfilled). This however, needs not to be true (and the obstacle is not only that $X$ is not required to be Banach space).
Here is a (counter)example. Let $X=c_0$ and $x_n=e_n$ - the basis unit vectors. Then $(c_0)^*=l_1$ and for any $f\in l_1$ we have
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|f(e_n)|=\|f\|_{l_1}$$
so that the problem's constraint is satisfied. However, the series
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e_n$$
are not convergent.
Nevertheless, the problem's conclusion is correct, and the constant is $1$.
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